Seminar Description: This seminar discusses the challenges in achieving efficiency and power density 48V to 1V, 2,000A Voltage Regulator Module (VMR) for AI GPU application. It covers the technologies for both two-stage and single-stage 48V to 1V / 2,000 VRM application. Based on a brief review of losses in DC-DC converters and the methods to minimize them, the seminar introduces the technologies for 48V to 12V conversions. The focus of the seminar is on the single stage 48V to 1V conversion. The seminar first introduces various topologies that can achieve efficient 48V to 1V power conversion. In addition, the seminar also discusses the topologies optimized for practical PCB layout consideration, (which is extremely important considering the very tight PCB area); control and topological methods are introduced to improve the load transient performance to minimize the requirement for decoupling capacitor. The seminar also introduces the topologies optimized for Fully Integrated Voltage Regulator and comments on the possibility of using these topologies in discrete AI GPU VRM applications.